V 



' C J 



T II E 



PRACTICAL 



FRENCH INSTRUCTOR 



(FIRST COURSE.) 



P. A W. GENGEMBRB, 

PROFESSOR OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE GIRARD COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



v vft 



PHILADELPHIA: 
E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 

508 MINOR STREET. 

1857. 



fC^ 
&+ 



KnUred, occording to Act of Congress. In thg year 1857, by 

p. w Q BKG i:m BB B, 

in the Clerk's Office of tin- 1'i-tri.t Court of the I nltod States for the Eastern 

District "t i'.iiii-> u : ,i,i:i. 



AVENTURES DE TELEMAQUE, 

ADVENTURES OF TELEMACHUS, 
FILS D'ULYSSE. 

(THE) SON OF ULYSSES. 

LECTURE ET TRADUCTION. 

READING AND TRANSLATION. 



PREMIERE LEgON. 

FIRST LESSON. 

BOOK FIRST. 

1. Calypso (/.) ne pouvait se consoler du depart (m.) 

Calypso not could herself to console of the departure 

d'Ulysse : (m.) dans sa douleur,(/.) elle se trouvait malheureuse 

of Ulysses : in her grief she found unhappy 

d'etre immortelle. 2. Sa grotte (/.) ne resonnait plus de son 

to be immortal, (10) grotto resounded more (10) 

chant : (ra.) les nymphes (/. ) qui la servaient n'osaient lui 

singing : the > ■ — * who her (30) served dared to her 

parler. 3. Elle se"f" promenait souvent seule sur les gazons (m.) 

to speak. (28) (29) walked often alone on (9) turfs 

fleuris, dont un printemps (m.) eternel bordait son lie; (/) 

flowery, of which a spring eternal bordered island; 

4. mais ces beaux lieus, (m.) loin de moderer sa douleur, (/.) 

but these beautiful places, far from to moderate 

ne fesaient que lui rappeler le triste souvenir (m.) d'Ulysse ; (m.) 

did but (29) to recall the sad remembrance 

qu'elle y avait vu tant de fois aupres d'elle. 

whom (28) there had seen so many times near (29) 

* Words underscored are the same in both languages. 

+ Many reflective verbs are preceded by myself, thyself, himself, &c, in French, when 
no pronoun is used in English. 

(3) 



TELEMACHTJS. 



SECONDE LEgON. 
5. Souvent elle demeurait immobile sur le rivage (m.) de la 

(28) remained* motionless shore 

mer(/.) qu'elle arrosait de ses larmesj (/.) 6. et elle etait sans 

sea which watered with (10) tears; and was without 

cease tournee vers le c6t6(m.) ou le vaisseau (m.) d'Ulysse,(?».) 

ceasing turned towards side where vessel 

fendant les ondes,(/) avait disparu a-f ses yeux.(»n.) 

cleaving waves, had disappeared from eyes. 

7. Tout-h-coup elle apercut les d£bris(m.) d'un navire(;».) 

nly perceived fragments (9) ship 

qui vcnait de;J; fa ire naufrage, (m.) des bancs (in.) de 

which came to make shipwreck, some (9) benches 

rameurs (m.) mis en pieces, (/.) des rameB (/.) e\sarte«9 9a 

rowers put (broken) in oars scattered here 

et la sur le sable, (m.) un gouvernail, (m.) un mfl,t,(m.) des 

and there '. rudder, mast, 

oordaeesfmO ftottara, sur la cfite. (/) 8. Puis elle decouvre 

floating, ' n » u diaeoren 

de loin deux hommes, (m.) dont l'un§ paraisaait &gej l'autiv, 

tiro 111,11, of whom appeared aged; (.9) other, 

quoiqne jeune, reesemblait it Dlysae. (m.) 

■Ithoagjb jronag) MtumhlMl 

TROISIKMK \ATi)S. 
it. || avail aa 4aueettr(/.) et as 6ert£,(/.) areo aa taille(/) 

|[,. bad mildness WM* Mature 

et sa demarche (/.) majestneuse j la deease(/) oomprit que 

,„:,_,. ■ indent 

'6tait , Wle'maqTie,(m.)filfl m.)d*^hfa».(m010.MtiiqiiciqM 

be Tclcmachus, eon (11) heto. 

lea dieuxfm.) anrpassenl deloiii en connaisaances (/.) toua lea 

mrpaji by knowledge all (la) 



■(■ Tin 1 ni'-l IMP WW - 

* Vanlrde, I " French In thi Wj "•«> 

■ n^rao^ ... A aMp wMeA ftad/a* '•"" u-reeA-ed. 

■". "" •""•; as, 

"l>uut l'uu paraissait," ic 0/ whom o/« q|]|Mr«fj *e. 



TELEMACHUS. 5 

hommes, (m.) elle ne put decouvrir qui etait cet homme (to.) 

could to discover (11) man 

venerable, dont Teleniaque (to.) etait accouipagne\ 11. C'est 

by whom accompanied. It is 

que les dieux (to.) superieurs cacbent aux inferieurs (to.) 

because superior conceal from the inferiors 

tout ce qu'il leur plait*; et Minerve(/.) qui accompagnait 

all which it to them pleases; Minerva " (31) accompanied 

Teleuiaque, (to.) sous la figure (/.) de Mentor (to.) ne voulait 

under form Mentor wished 

pas etre connue de Calypso. (/.) 

not known 

QUATRIEME LE^ON. 

12. Cependant Calypso se rejouissait d'un naufrage (to.) qui 

However ' (29) rejoiced (31) 

niettait dans son ile le fils d'Ulysse, si semblable a son pere. 

put (10) so like father. 

13. Elle s'avance vers lui; et sans faire semblant de savoir qui 

advances him ; seeming to know 

il est : D'ou vous vient,f lui dit-elle, cette temerite (/.) 

(28) to you (30) comes, (29, 30) said (60) (11) temerity 

d'aborder dans mon ile? (/.) 14. Sacbez, jeune etranger, (to.) 

to land Know, stranger, 

qu'on ne vient point impunement dans mon empire, (to.) Elle 

that one (59) not (59) with impunity 

tacbait de couvrir sous ces paroles (/.) rnenatjantes, la joie(/.) 

endeavored to conceal words threatening, joy 

de son coeur, (to.) qui eelatait malgre elle sur son visage, (m.) 

heart, shone in spite of her face. 

15. Telemaque (to.) lui repondit : vous, qui que vous soyez, 

answered : you, who ever may be, 

mortelle(/.) ou deesse; (/) quoiqu' a. vous voir J on ne puisse 

mortal or goddess; although (29, 30) to see could 

vous prendre § que pour une divinite\ (/.) 16. Seriez-vous 

(30) to take for divinity. Should you be 

insensible au malbeur (to.) d'un fils (m.) qui, cliercbant son 

(9) misfortune seeking 

* Taut ce qu'il leur 2>lait All that which pleases them. 

f D'ou vous vient Whence comes to you. 

X Quoiqu' a vous voir Although in seeing you. 

§ On ne puisse vous prendre que pour, &c One could only take you for, Sis. 
1* 



D TELEMACHTJS. 

pere(TO.) a la merci (/) des vents (to.) et des flots,(TO.) a vu 

mercy (9) winds waves, has 

briser son navire (to.) contre vos rochers. (to.) 

to break against (10) rocks. 

N. B. Sender will only be marked hereafter when not indicated by the accompanying 
article, adjective, or pronoun. 

CIXQUIEME LE£ON. 
17. Quel est done votre pere que vous ebercbez? reprit la 

Mho then (10) to seek * (,07) resumed 

deesse. II se nomine Ulysse dit Telemaqnc; e'est un des rois 

28) names he (9) kings 

qui unt. apres un siege de dix ans, (to.) renverse* la fameuae 

(81) have, after liege ten years, to overthrow ^66) famous 

Tioia Is. Sob nom fut o&ebre dans toute la Grreoe et dans 

Troy, name wu celebrated all Greece 

timte 1'Asie, par sa valeur dans les combats, (m.) et plus enooara 

by yalor still 

laoB lea conseils. (to.) Maintenant, errant dans 

eouncUa, to wander (66) 

toute 1" < 1 1 • i n 1 1 1 < ■ des men, il parcourt tons lea ecueils lee pins 

seas, overruns dangers 

terribles. L9. 8a patrie Bemble fair devant Ini. Penelope, sa 

. ooontrj Penelope, 

femme, <-t moi qui Buis boo Ms. noua avona perdu l'esperance(/.) 

am loet hope 

de 1<' revoir. 20. Je ooure, aveo lea mfimes dangers (m.) que 

.in. I run, same (17) 

c apprendre oo il est. Maia que dis-je? peut-dtre <|u"il 

whnt say (TO, BO) parbattl 

• *t maintenant enseveli dana lea profonda abimea de la mer. 

buried abysses 

BTXTEME I.K( <»\ 
21. Ay./ pitie" | /. ) de nos malheurs : (to.) et si vous saves, 

pity " on know, 

bines (/.) out fait pour sauver on pom 

« ba( 

iffldenUy well acquainted with the termii 
rim wui hereafter be given In the Infinitive only, and 

wlthonl • lor ten f tl>.- French verb. The itndenl will anertala 

Ion. of the word from ttu termination (.-*'-• >. nud from the comparison 
»f the ui.-v.l- aud KniM 



TELEMACHUS. / 

perdre Ulysse, daignez en instruire son fils Teleniaque. 

to lose to deign (72) of it (30) to inform 

22. Calypso, etonnee et attendrie de voir dans tine si vive 

astonished moved so lively 

jeunesse* tant de sagesse et d'eloquence, (/.) no pouvait 

youth so much 

rassasier ses yeux en le regardant ; et elle demenrait en silence. 

to satiate (30) to look at (49) 

23. Enfin elle lui dit: Teleniaque, nons vous apprendrons ce 

At last (30) (28) (29) shall inform of (39) 

qui est arrive a. votre pere, mais l'histoire en est longue ; il ost 

to happen history (29,30) long; it 

temps (to.) de vous delasser de tous vos travaux. 24. Venez 

time yourself to repose toils. Come 

dans ma demeure, ou je vous recevrai commc mon fils : venez, 

ahode, (29, 30) will receive as 

vous serezj" ma consolation dans cette solitude; et je ferai 

(28) i (11) shall make 

votre bonheur, (to.) pourvu que vous sachiez en jouir. 

provided know how to enjoy. 



SEPTIEME LEgON. 
25. Telemaque suivait la deesse environnee d'une foule de 

followed to surround (49) hy crowd 

jeunes nymphes, audessus desquelles elle s'elevait de toute la 

above of whom rose 

tete,J comme un grand chene dans une forSt eleve ses 

head, great oak forest to elevate (07) (10) 

branches epaisses audessus de tous les arbres qui l'environnent, 

thick (18) trees (31) to surround (49) 

26. II admirait 1' eclat (to.) de sa beaute, la riche pourpre de 

to admire (49) splendor beauty, rich purple 

sa robe longue et flottante, ses cbeveux (to.) noues par derriere 

flowing, hair to tie (66) behind 

negligemment mais avec gr&ce, (/.) 27. le feu qui sortait§ de 

negligently grace, fire flashed 

* Vive jeunesse Early youth, great youth. 

f As the student must now be sufficiently well acquainted with the auxiliary verbs 
avoir and etre, such of these verbs as occur hereafter will not be translated. 

% De toute la tete By a whole head. 

§ Sortait, literally, came out. 



8 TELEMACHUS. 

ses yeux, et la douceur qui temperait cette vivacite\ Mentor 

tempered. vivacity. 

les yeux baisses, gardant un silence modeste, suivait Telernaque. 

cast down to keep (49) (18) followed 

28. On arriva a la porte de la grotte de Calypso, ou 

They to arrive (19, 69) door 

Telernaque fut surpris de voir, avec une apparence de 

(53) surprised appearance 

simplicity (/.) rustique, tout ce qui peut charmer les 

simplicity rustic, can to charm (65, 78) 

yeux. (•«?.) 



IIUITIEME LEgOX. 

29. On n'y voyait ni or,(m.) ni argent,(m) ni marbre,(m.) 
One then rmt neither gold, nor mImt. marble, 

ni colonnes, (/!) ni tableaux, (m.) ni Btatues:(/.) 30. cette 

colun painting*, 

grotte fitait taillee dans le roc, en voutes (/.) pleines de 

■ lit Vault.- ' full 

rocaSUes (,/*.) el de coquillesj • /. \ elle .'fait tapissee d'unejeune 

hung 

vigne, qui 6tendai1 Bee branches (/.) Bonplee egalement de tous 

Mil.. qmd supple equally 

o6tes. 31. Lee doux gephyre conservaient en oe lieu, malgre' 

■wwt I ' 

lea ard In Boleil, one deliciense fraicheur: des 

ardors ton, il.-li.i, gg lr. -lines*: 

fontaines, (/'") coulanl avec nn donx murmure snr dee pre8(m.} 

fountains, to II murmur im-udowa 

d'amarantbes (/.) et de violettes, (/.) formaient ea 

ttmra with amarnntli* tofonn 

divere lieax, des 1 assi pure it aussi claira one le 

K.lb« (15) pure (15) clear Q3f) 

crista] : :i.. mille fleure naissantea emaillaienl lee tapis verts, 

ir>-tal; n thoumnd flotMN budding enameled oaxpeti 

dont la grotte etait environnee. La. on trouvait un Imi^ de oea 

Then, 

arbree touffos qui portenl des ] imes(/.) d'or, (m.) et doai 

tufted appiM 



literally to tow. 



TELEMACHUS. 9 

la fleur, qui se renouvelle dans toutes les saisons, repand 

(31) (29, 30) renews seasons, to diffuse (49) 

le plus doux de tous les parfums. 

(15) perfumes. 

NEUVIEME LEgON. 

33. Ce bois semblait couronner ces" belles prairies, et formait 

to seem (49) to crown fine 1ueadow3, to form 

une nuit que les rayons (m.) du soleil ne pouvaient percer ; 

night (32) rays to pierce (78) 

34. la., on n'entendait jamais que le chant des oiseaux, (m.) Ou 

heard never (87) but birds, 

le bruit d'un ruisseau qui, se precipitant du haut d'un rocher, 

noise brook precipitating top 

tombait a gros bouillons pleins d'ecume (/.) et s'enfuyait au 

fell in big bubbles full foam fled away 

travers de la prairie. 35. La grotte de la deesse etait sur le 

across 

penchant d'une colline; de la on decouvrait la mer, quelquefois 

declivity hill ; discovered sometimes 

claire et unie comme une glace, quelquefois follement irritee 

clear smooth as mirror, madly to irritate (49) 

contre les rocbers, ou elle se brisait en gemissant et elevant 

to break (49) groaning to eleva*e 

ses vagues (/.) comme des montagnes. (/.) 36. D'un autre 

waves mountains. 

cote on voyait une riviere ou se formaient des iles bordees de 

river to form (68) bordered 

tilleuls (m.) fleuris, et de bauts peupliers qui portaient leurs 

linden trees (18) poplars carried (10) 

tetes superbes jusque dans les nues. 

superb as far as clouds. 

DIXIEME LEgON. 

37. Les divers canaux qui formaient ces iles semblaient se 

canals to seem (49) 

jouer dans la campagne : les uns roulaient leurs eaux claires 

to sport country : (—some—) rolled waters (18) 

avec rapidite; d'autres avaient une eau paisible et dormante; 

rapidity; som (12) (52) water peaceable sleeping; 



10 TELEMACStJS. 

d'autres, par de longs detours, revenaient sur leur pas,(w.) comttie 

long windings, returned steps, 

pour remonter vers leur source, (/) et semblaient ne pouvoir 

to remount to be able 

quitter ces bords encbantes. 38, On apercevait de loin des 

to quit shores enchanted. perceived 

collines et des montagnes qui se perdaient dans les nues, et 

lost 

dont la figure bizarre formait un borizon h soubait (??;.) 

(36) fantastic (18) such as one might wish 

pour le plaisir des yeux. 39. Lcs montagnes voisines etaieut 

pliasure neighboring 

couvertes de pampre vert qui pendait on tostons : (???.) le 

covered vine branched to hang (40) festoons : 

raisin, plus eclatant que la pourpre ne pouvait se cacber soua 

p«p«, brilliant (17) conceal 

lr> feuiiles, /'.) et la vigne Otait accablee sous son fruit. 40. 
UjtYea, \ i ! 1 1- tied down (io) . 

Le Bgnier, l'olivier,(m.) le grenadier, et tons lcs autrea arbres 

Bg tree, olb pomegranate tree) 

eouvndent la campagne, et en fesaient un grand jardin. 

IHI I nyi 111 made gardun. 



ONZIBMB LEgON. 

41. Calypso ayant montre* a Tt'U'inaque toutcs ces beautes 

to show (66) buautiefl 

natiirrll.s, lui dit : -\-. Repose! vouflj Toe habits (m.) sont 
lu.iiirnl. Beat yoonelf; etotbaa 

mouiiles, il eel temps que vous en cbangiez: ensuite nous 

it abonld change : aflat Midi 

turns r.vcrmiis ; ct jc vous raoonterai des histoires dont 

- again; t" rrlai 

voire eceur Bera touched 4:;. Eo mime temps elle le fit entrer 

to toui the mme made to enter 

Sfentor, dans le lien le plus scent .t le pins reenle* d'mne 

remote 

BTotte voisine de oelle on la deesse demenrait 44. Les Dymphes 

avaimt en win d'aUumer en ce lieu un grand feu de bois de 

care to kindle 



TELEMACHUS. H 

cedre,(m.) dont la bonne odeur se r6pandait de tous c6tes; et 

cedar, (20) odor to spread (49) on 

elles y avaient laisse des habits (m.) pour les nouveaux hotes. 

left guests. 

45. Telemaque, voyant qu'on lui avait destine une tunique 

seeing to destine (49) tunic 

d'une laine fine, dont la blaneheur effa§ait celle de la neige, 

■wool fine, (18) (38) whiteness eclipsed (24) snow, 

et une robe de pourpre avec une broderie d'or, prit le plaisir qui 

embroidery took 

est naturel k un jeune homme, en consid^rant cette magnificence. 

to consider (49) 



DOUZIEME LECOK 
46. Mentor lui dit d'un ton grave : Sont-ce done la., O 

tone (18) Are these then 

Telemaque, les pensees (/.) qui doivent occuper le coeur du fils 

thoughts ought to occupy. . 

d'Ulysse ? 47. Songez plutot a soutenir la reputation de votre 

Think rather sustain 

pere, et a yaincre la fortune qui vous persecute. 48. Un jeune 

conquer (30) to persecute (49). 

homme qui aime a se parer vainement comme une femme, est 

to loye to adorn vainly 

indigne de la sagesse et de la gloire. 49. La gloire n'est due 

unworthy (13) (13) glory. (1.3) due 

qu' a un coeur qui sait souffrir la peine et fouler aux 

knows how to suffer pain to trample under 

pieds (m.) les plaisirs. (m.) 

foot 

50. T£l£maque repondit, en soupirant : Que les dieux me 

sighing : May (29. 30) 

fassent perir, plut6t que de souffrir que la mollesse et la volupte 

make to perish, (17) to suffer that effeminacy 

s'empare (fut.) de mon coeur. 51. Non, non, le fils d'Ulysse 

ehould take possession. No, 

ne sera jamais vaincu par les charmes d'une vie lUche et 

conquered charms life base 

effeminee. 52. Mais quelle faveur du ciel nous a fait trouver, 

(44) (29) to find, 



12 TELEMACHUS. 

apres notre naufrage, cette deesse ou cette mortelle qui nous 

(30) 

comble de biens?(m.) 

loads with benefits? 

53. Craignez, repartit Mentor, qu'elle ne vous accable de 

Fear, replied (omit) to overwhelm 

inaux ; (m.) craignez ses trompeuses douceurs plus que les 

evils : deceitful sweetness 

<?eueils qui ont brise" votre navire : le naufrage et la mort sont 

shoals to break (13) (13) death 

moins funestes que les plaisirs qui attaquent la vertu. 

fatal (17) to attack virtue. 

54. Gardez-vous bien de croire ee qu'elle voua raeontera. La 

( Beware ) to believe (79) (28) to relate (70). (13) 

jeunease est presomptueose, elle Be promet tout d'elle-mCme : 

prammptaoaS) (2 s ) (29) promises — itself— 

quoique fragile, elle eroit pouvoir tout, et n'avuir jamais rien 

frail, believes to be able (59) ' (W) 

•i craindre; elle Be eonfie legerement et sans precaution. 

sonUta lightly . 

56. Gardes vous d'eeouter lea paroles douoes et flatteuses de 

b H to flattering 

Calypso, qui Be glisseronl oomme on serpent sous les flours; 
craignez oe poison eaohl: defies rons de vons-mfime, et attendes 

Uddsn : dtatml yourself await 

tonjonre mee eonseils. 

counsels. 



PREMIERE LEgON. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. 

1. The plural of French nouns is generally formed hy adding 
s to the singular : as, Pere (father) ; peres (fathers.) 

Exception 1st. Nouns ending in s, x, or z, remain the same 
in the plural as in the singular : as, Fils (son) ; Jils (sons.) 

Exception 2d. Nouns ending in au or eu form the plural by 
adding x : as, Ea.u (water) ; eaux (waters.) 

Exception 3d. Nouns ending in al change al into aux : as, 
Cheval (horse) ; chevaux (horses.) 

2. Nouns in common use which form the plural irregularly. 



Singular. 

Bijou jewel. 

Caillou pebble. 

Chou cabbage. 

Genou knee. 

Hibou owl. 

Joujou toy, plaything. 

Pou louse. 

Bail lease. 

Corail coral. 

Email enamel. 

Soupirail air-hole. 

Travail labor. 

Bal ball. 

Betail cattle. 

A'ieul ancestor. 

Ciel heaven. 

03il eye. 



Plural. 

Bijoux jewels. 

Cailloux pebbles. 

Choux cabbages. 

Genoux knees. 

Hiboux owls. 

Joujoux toys. 

Poux lice. 

Baux leases. 

Corails corals. 

Emaux enamels. 

Soupiraux air-holes. 

Travaux labors. 

Bals balls. 

Bestiaux cattle. 

Aieux ancestors. 

Cieux heavens. 

Yeux eyes. 



Exercise 1. 
Memorize the following nouns and write them in the plural. 

Air air (m.) Anger colere (/.) 

Alarm alarme (/.) Appetite appetit (;».) 

Altar autel (»».) Apple poinme (/.) 

Ambassador .... ambassadeur (»i.) Apricot abricot («».) 

Angel ange (»?.) Baker boulanger (»».) 

2 (13) 



14 



PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. 



Ball balle(/.) boule(/.) 

Ball (a party) ... bal (m.) 

Basket panier (m.) 

Bath bain (m.) 

Battle bataille (/.) 

Beard barbe (/.) 

Beast bete (/.) 

Bed lit 

Beef bccuf (m.) 

Beggar mendiant (m.) 

Bell cloche (/.) 

EinJ oiseau (m.) • 

Blow oonp ( in.) 

Board planehe (/.) 

Boarder f pensionnnire (m. 

, and/.) 

bati i 

Bonnet chapeau (hi.) 

Chair ch:ii- 

Child enfant \m.) 

city vill. 

cal 

C. try, a country (pays (»i.) 

c ounti impagne (/.) , 

Country (native), patrie (/.) — ^* 
. • ( cousin 

V \ 

p ( Donaim 

r ii ■ ■ 

\\- ri. i 

Farmer fens 

Father p*r» 

| 

Fri.-nd :<ini M. . auiie ' ./'. 

Harden Jardin («.) 

Oirl Bl 

Cold r 

II , • ihapeau ('»».) 

ir honnenr 

Hour beo 

mail 

I inari iK.) 



Book livrc (m.) 

Boot botte (/.) 

Bottle bouteille (/.) 

Boy garcon (m.) 

Breakfast dejeuner (m.) 

Brush brosse (/.) 

Bread pain (»».) 

Bureau commode (/.) 

Butter beurre (hi.) 

Burglar voleur (m.) 

Cap bonnet (m.) 

Carpenter chnrpentier (hi.) 

Carpet tapis (hi.) 

Carriage voiture (/.) 

Cart oharrette (/.) 

Century Bieole (m.) 

Chain ohaine (/.) 

King roi (m.) 

Knife eouteau (m.) 

Lad; lame (/.) 

Latter lettre (/.) ' 

"""Man lioinmc {in.) 

jf>\ at viande (/.) 

1 Mise mademoiselle (/.)• 

Mrs madamo (/.) 

Mr. gi ntleman )„ monaienr an.) 

Money argent (m.) 

Mother more (/.) 

nonvelle (/.) 

< krder • rdre | m. ) 

pftehe /.) 

Pen plum.- (/.) 

Pencil crayon m.) 

person ne (/.) 

! be (/.) 

Pupil Hi 

• demande (/.) 

Ribbon ruban (at.) 

Room ehambre (/.) 

:•■ (»«.) 

Sickness maladie (/.) 

Sir monsieur | m.) 

1 " r (/•) 



ADJECTIVES. 15 

Son fils (tits) Vegetable legume (to.) 

Tea the (to.) Water eau (/.) 

Teacher maitre (m.) Wife fern me (/.) 

Time temps (m.) AVine vin (m.) 

Tools outils (to.) Window fene'tre (/.) 

Umbrella parapluie (to.) Woman femme (/.) 

Most nouns with the following terminations are alike in both languages 
(Bolmar's Levizac, p. 16) : 

-al : Animal} cardinal, fatal, general, moral, original, principal, &c. 
-bi.e : Capable, fable, &c, bible, eligible, &c, noble, soluble, &c. 
-ace : Face, grimace, grace, place, preface, race, surface, trace, <fcc. 
-ance : Chance, complaisance, extravagance, ignorance, lance, <fec. 
-ence : Abstinence, continence, diligence, eloquence, patience, <tc. 

-ice : Artifice, edifice, justice, office, precipice, &c. 
-ACLE : Miracle, oracle, obstacle, tabernacle, spectacle, &c. 
-ADE : Ambuscade, cavalcade, brigade, esplanade, serenade, &c. 
-age : Age, bandage, cage, cordage, image, page, plumage, rage, &o. 
»Ege : Colldge, privilege, sacrilege, siege, sortilege, &c. 

-ge : Vestige, barge, charge, orange, forge, rouge, refuge, &c. 
-ule : Globule, ridicule, formule, mule, pustule, &a. 
-ILE : Bile, agile, docile, facile, fragile, reptile, versatile, <fec. 
-ine : Carabine, doctrine, heroine, machine, famine, mine, rapine, <fec. 
-ion : Action, lggion, nation, opinion, passion, question, religion, <fcc. 
-ant: Arrogant, constant, elegant, 616pbant, piquant, vigilant, <fec. 
-ent: Accident, compliment, argument, content, element, serpent, Ac. 



SECONDE LEgON. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL, AND OF THE FEMININE OF 
FRENCH ADJECTIVES. 

3. The adjective must agree in number and gender with the 
noun to which it belongs : as, Un petit gargon, (a little boy) ; 
deux petites filles, (two little girls.') 

4. The feminine of French adjectives is generally formed 
by adding e mute to the masculine : as, Un grand gargon, (a 
big boy) ; une grande fille, (a big girl.) 

Exception 1st. Adjectives ending in e mute remain the same 
in the feminine as in the masculine : as, Un jeune homme, (a 
young man); une jeune femme, (a young woman.) 



16 ADJECTIVES. 

Exception 2d. Adjectives ending in/, change /into ve : as, 
Vif, vice, (quick, lively?) 

Exception 3d. Adjectives ending in x, change x into se: as, 
Heureux, heureuse, (happy. ~) 

Exception 4th. Adjectives ending in el, eif, ien, on, and et, 
double the final consonnant, and add e mute : as, 

Cruel Cruelle cruel, 

Paiiel pareilh like. 

Ancien onetrana ancient. 

Bon bonne good. 

Mm t muette dumb. 

;">. Adjectivee in common use which form the feminine irre- 
gularly. 

Bas baase low. 

Gras graaae fat 

La* buae tired. 

]'av-:ni payaanna peaaaafc 

(paiaae tbiok. 

in. ti.-.-e mongrel. 

Grog groaae big, large, 

Gcntil L-'iitilk- i . r . ■ 1 1 \ . - « . . ■ t . 

Nul nullo do, null. 

s..i sotte Bilrjr, fooliab. 

Ii.,ii\ donee sweet (oft 

Pmu fcueee false. 

H„ux roneee reddiab. 

v it-ill i- old. 

Blanc blaaebe white. 

Franc franche frank. 

liebe ilry. 

fratobe freah. 

Qreeqaa Greek, 

Public pnbHque pallia 

Tare Torqee Turkish. 

Oadae aaduque decrepit 

Benin benigM b 

Malin maligna malignaati 

tongue loag. 

Fav..ri favnrite favorite. 

Trattre brattraaae traitor, traltraaa, 

Mai ire muitrcsse master, mistress. 



ADJECTIVES. 



17 



6. The following have two masculine forms ; the first is used 
before a consonant, and the second before a vowel or h mute. 

Masc. (1st form.) Masc. (2d form.) Fern. English. 

Beau bel ;. belle beautifuL 

Nouveau nouvel , nouvelle new. 

Fern fol folle foolish, crazy. 

Muu rnol molle soft. 

Vieux vieil vieille old. 

7. The plural of adjectives is formed like that of nouns. 

Exercise 2. 
Memorize the following adjectives, and write them in the 
feminine : 

Absurd . absurde. 

Advantageous avantageux. 

Affectionate affectueux. 

Aged &ge. 

Alarming alarmant. 

Alone seul. 

Amiable aimable. 

Amusing amusant. 

Ancient ancien. 

Attentive attentif. 

Awkward maladroit. 

Bad mauvais. 

Base, low bas. 

Beloved aime\ 

Benevolent bienfaisant. 

Big gros. 

Bitter amer.* 

Black noir. 

Bleeding saignant. 

Bloody satiglant. 

Blue bleu. 

Brave brave. 

Capricious capricieux. 

Careful soigneux. 

Careless negligent. 

Certain certain. 



Charming charmant. 

Cheerful gai, joyeux. 

Christian chretien. 

Civil civil, poli. 

Clean propre. 

Clear clair. 

Coarse grossier. 

Commodious commode. 

Complete coinplet. 

Conspicuous., remarquable. 

Contented content. 

Contrary contraire. 

English ..... Anglais. 

French ...,, Francais. 

Good bon. 

Half , demi. 

Large grand. 

Little... petit. 

Long long. 

New (newly made) neuf. 

New (novel) nouveau. 

Rare rare. 

Round rond. 

Sick malade. 

Sweet doux. 

White ,. blanc. 



* Adjectives ending in er take a grave accent on the e before the r, in 
the feminine gender: thus, amere. The same remark applies to some 
adjectives ending in et. 

2* 



18 



ARTICLES AND ADJECTIVES. 



TROISIEME LEgON. 



ARTICLES, AND POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE ADJEC- 
TIVES. 

8. The following words always precede the noun to which 
they belong, and must agree with it in number and gender : 





Before Before 
mas. siii);. f'-m. ling. 
110UUS. 


iieiore all sin?. 
nouns begin- 
ning «ith a 
TOWB) or U mute. 


Before 

all I'lural 

nouns. 








IA 


la. 


L',* 


les 


the. 


- 




Da, 


de la, 


tie V, 


des 


of or from the. 


Au, 


ila, 


IV, 


aux 


to or at the. 






Do 


dc la, 


do P, 


des 


some or any.f 




In, 


line, 







a or an. 






Hon, 


ma, 


7iu>n, 


mes 


my. 










ton, 


tea 


thy. 








pa, 


COD, 




his, her, or its. 




\..lro, 


n.'trc, 


n i't re, 


DOS 


our. 




- 


\'..tre, 


T.,iro, 






your. 


H 




, Lear, 


leur, 


leur, 


leurs 


their. 


u: 

a 


i 




a ' 










- 
- 


1 




















Cette 








this or that. 






vowel «r 


A 












mnte) 










ces 


these or those. 



* n. B. — The vowels a, e, are n placed by :in apostrophe ( ' ) in the 
., when these words are followed by 
n ron el, or by an h mute. 

1 N. B. — Before an adjective, or after a negative adverb, tome or any is 



articles and adjectives. 19 

Exercise 3. 

1. The father, the mother, and (et) the children. 2. Of the son, of the 
daughter, and of the parents. 3. To the brother, to the sister, and to the 
cousins. 4. The friend, of the friend, to the friend. 5. The man, of the 
man, to the man. 6. The friends of the men. 7. To the men and to the 
women. 8. The anger of the father. 9. The alarm of the children. 10. Of 
the jewels of the women. 11. The bread of the baker. 12. At the door of 
the house. 13. From the window of the room. 14. The appetite of my 
brother. 15. My sister, thy sisters, his parents. 16. His brother, her bro- 
ther, his brothers, her brothers. 17. Her father, his father, her mother, his 
mother. 18. From thy father to our mother. 19. Of our friends and of 
their enemies. 20. Of the carpet of your room. 21. The books of my 
pupils. 22. Some bread, some meat, some water, some apples. 23. Some 
boys, some girls. 24. A man, a woman, an hour. 25. This man, that wo- 
man, this boy, that girl. 26. These men and those women. 27. From that 
room to that door. 28. From my bed to the bureau. 29. Of this carpet and 
of that table. 

QUATREEME LEgON. 

12. Whenever an article, adjective, or preposition, is under- 
stood in English, it should be expressed in French : as, 

The brother and (the) sister Le frere et la soeur. 

Of the mother and (of the) father De la mere et du pere. 

To the boys and (to the) girls Aux gargons et aux filles. 

A man and (a) woman Un homme et une femme. 

Some bread and (some) butter Du pain et du beurre. 

(Some) wine and (some) water Du vin et de t'eau. 

My brother and (my) sister Mon frere et ma soeur. 

Of his father and (of his) mother De son pere et de sa mere. 

Your paper and (your) pencil Votre papier et votre crayon. 

These peaches and (these) pears Ces pommes et ces poires. 

Good tea and coffee De bon the et de bon cafe. 

Exercise 4. 

1. Give (donnez) some bread and butter to the boys. 2. Have you (avez- 
vous) any wine and water? 3. I have some wine in the bottle. 4. These 
men and women are tired (fatigues). 5. He has received (recti) some news 
from his father and mother. 6. His bread is bad, 7. The chain of the an- 
chor of the boat. 8. I have written (ecrit) to my brother and sister. 9. The 
boys and girls are in (dans) the garden. 10. My little brother is awkward 
and careless, but (mais) my sister is very (tres) attentive. 11. She has bread, 
butter, tea, and coffee, for her breakfast. 12. From the boys and girls, to 
the men and women. 13. The friend of the mother and children. 



20 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

13. A noun used in its -widest sense should be preceded by 
a definite article, in French, though none is used in English: 

as, 

All men are mortal Tout les hommes sont mortels. 

Birds fly. Fi.-hes swim £e«oiseaux volent /.espoissonsnagent 

Gold is heavier than silver /.'or est plus lourd que /'argent. 

Exercise 5. 

1. Women are capricious. 2. Good books are rare. 3. Boys and girls are 

not alway* [Umjonri] attentive. 4. Peaches are sweet 5. These men are 

brave. 8. These l>"oks .ire very amusing. 7. His bed is very bad. S. Your 

- amiable. 9. Friends are not always prudent 10. Boys ouyht to be 

n'enl tore) civil. 11. Silver is white. 12. Birds live (i-ivent) in the air, 

and fishes in the water. 

14. Da, ,1 J,,. ,/, /', <?,s, and "''•. are used to express the 
jsive ease of oonne 

77,. Mini' at /.'hal.it de /'homme. 

• book /.«■ livre </» gargon. 

/.-I robe tie In I'einnie. 

!■■ - plumes de* lilies. 

M ; i brother** bal L* ehapean <!•■ mon frore. 

T/iat lady's bonnet Le chapeau de ccttc dame. 

EXESI [81 6. 

1. The fanner 1 nape. 3. Of the man's inten- 

o ,\ Either. ■'■. The king's orders. B. My friend's 
9. M j riatar*! hus- 
IV. Ily brother's wile. LI. four father's experieaoe. 

CINQ1 ikmi-: u:</<>\. 

I DMPAKIBOfl 01 a I i.i i • i i\ : 
1.".. \.]\, ,r ' rh- compared by prefixing era 

},!„- tins (Jets), or /<"> . for the compara- 

tive, ami ' for the >upir- 

l;iti\. 

aa wise, wiser. 

1 

JL,e plu- -age The wisest, the least wise. 



PLACE OP THE ADJECTIVE. 21 

16. The following are irregularly compared : 

Bon, meilleur, le meilleur Good, better, the best. 

Petit, moindre, le moindre Little or small, less or smaller, the 

least or the smallest. 

Mauvais, pire, le pire Bad, worse, the worst. 

[N. B. — Petit and mauvais can also be compared regularly.] 

17. As and than, used after a comparative, are expressed by 
que; as, 11 est AUSSI riche que vous (lie is AS rich AS you); 
Elle est PLUS jeune QUE Marie (she is younger THAN Mary). 

Exercise 7. 

Compare the first twenty adjectives in list (Exercise 2). 
[N. B. — The shortness of the Fifth Lesson is intended to give the student 
time to review the preceding.] 



SIXIEME LEgON. 

PLACE OP THE ADJECTIVE. 

18. Adjectives, in French, are generally placed after the 
noun to which they belong : as, 

Un matelot anglais An English sailor. 

Un cheval blane A white horse. 

19. The following are exceptions, and are generally placed 
before the noun : 

Beau handsome, fine. M€ehant..... wicked. 

Bon good. Meilleur better. 

Cher dear, loved. MSme same. 

Digne worthy. Moindre less. 

Grand* great, large, tall. Petit small, little. 

Gros big, bulky. Saint holy. 

Jeune young. Tout all. 

Joli pretty. Vieux old. 

Mauvais bad. Vilain u gly- 

Also the numeral adjectives, and all those words known in English as 
adjective pronouns. 

* When grand qualifies a person, it means great, if placed before, and tall, 
if placed after the noun. 



22 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

20. A noun used adjeetively is placed after the noun which 
it qualifies, and a preposition is placed between them to mark 
the relation : as, Cue (able de bois (a wooden (able). 

Exercise 8. 

1. A French boy. 2. An English girl. 3. A round table. 4. From the 
young man to the old woman. 5. My garden is smaller than that (cclui) 
of your dear friend. 6. Miss Lucy is not so pretty as her young sister, but 
(main) she is better. 7. R(«d (Use*) the same books as your brother. 8. 
Give me (donncz moi) that big apple. 9. The largest window of the house. 
10. The greatest man of the century. 11. The handsomest woman in the 
company. 12. Toot pretty little sister is sick. IS. Of the ugly old dog. 
14. The beautiful new hat of Mr. C. 15. Hie black horse is dead (mart). 

SEPTlijMB LEgON. 

PO ss BBS! V B PRO* "INS. 

21. A j Baive pronoun is never followed by the noun to 

which it refers, but Btanda fox it, and must agree with it in 
Dumber and gender. 

pin. F.m. plu. Bngllsa. 

lea miens, les miennes ... mine. 

lea tiennea thine. 

nea bis, hers, or its. 

les nfitres, lea notrea are, 

yean. 

les leurs, les leurs theirs. 

Tin' article arnica precedes the possessive pronoun forms part of 
it, and should never be translated separately.] 

22. When preceded l>y ek <>r d, the pceseasive pronoun are 
thus deelioed : 

Pu mien, de la inionne, des miens, des miennes... of or from miMh 

An mien, u In mlenne, aux miens, nnx mienm .-... t" or at mine. 

Decline, oe above, all the other numbers and persons. 

BXAMPLBS. 

Tom brother ami Mint Voire frere si U mim. 

tot and o/ tkim De ma aoeur '■( ■/■ la l i in mm , 

T" my friends ami t<- hit \ mi - amis el in stew* 

My ;i.-ters and A if Mcs su-ura it In tiomt*. 





K. in. ring 


Le mien, 


la mienne, 




la ti.-iine, 




la lienne, 


Le m'.tre, 


la nfttre, 


Le rfttra, 


la rtttraj 


Le Irar, 


la leur, 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 23 

Your lessons and ours Vos lecons et lee ndtree. 

Our exercises and yours Nos themes et les votres. ' 

Of our teacher and of theirs De notre maitre et du lew. 

Exercise 9. 

1. From my room to his. 2. In my country and in yours. 3. For her 
mother and for mine. 4. To his orders and to hers. 5. At our door and at 
yours. 6. From thy window and from mine. 7. With his money and with 
hers. 8. In my hooks and in thine. 9. Of my dinner and of hers. 10. 
Of thy honor and of his. 11. My friend's house and yours. 12. From my 
mother's room unto (Jusqu'd) his. 



HUITIEME LEgON. 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

23. A demonstrative pronoun must agree, 
gender, with the noun for which it stands. 



in number and 



the 



Mas. 
celui, 



/"That, (meani 

OA i person, the thing) , 

~ | Those, (meaning the ones, the ] cenx 

[_ persons, the things), j 

[This one . eelui-ci, 

I That one celui-la, 

These, (meaning these ones, } „. 



25. \ 



these persons, these things).. 



\ Those, (meaning th 

|^ those persons, those things) 



' I ceux-la, 
fNot followed hy any 



Fem. 
celle .... 



celle-ci.. 
celle-la. 



celles-ci 

eelles-la 



"I Always followed 
! by the preposi- 
( tion de, or by a 

J relative pronoun 
1 



Neverfollowedby 



This, 



I noun orpronaun, but \ , 

26 -]S i «ed to point out; or — ™£-\. 
j < | referring to n phrase | 

(_ expressed previously. J 
[N. B. — This, that, these, those, followed by a noun, are adjectives, and 
are always expressed by ce,* eet, cette, ees (see 11).] 



EXAMPLES. 
My dog and that (the one) of the gar- Mon chien et celui du jardinier. 

dener 

My cow and that (the one) which is Ma vache et celle qui est dans 

in the stable l'etable. 



* The demonstrative pronoun ce is either the subject of the verb to be 
(see Course 2d), or followed by the relative pronouns qui, que, dont (see 39). 
It signifies, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, or those. 



24 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Your boys and those (the hoys) of Vos gare.ons et ceux de votre voisin. 

jour neighbor 

Your daughters and those (the Vos filles et eelles do mon oncle. 

daughters) of my uncle 

Take this newspaper and give me Prenez ce journal-ci et donnez moi 

that one cehii-la. 

Why do you prefer this one to that one? Pourquoi preferez-vous celui-ci a 

velui-la. 
That house is larger than this one Cette maison-7d est plus grande que 

celle-ci. 
These trees hare been planted longer Oes arbres-ct ont 6t6 plantes plus 

than those longtempa que cetix-ld. 

Those apples are larger than these Ces pommes-to sunt plus grosses que 

celles-ci. 

tiive ihii to your brother, and keep Donnez eeei a votre frere, et gardes 

that fur you cela pour vous. 

I do ii"t believe a word of all that.... Je ne cruis pas un mot de tout cela. 
K.M.KiisK 10. 
1. Take (prenei) this pen, it is better than that one. 2. Is your house 
iuoh sst-ette) as large ea that of your brother? 3. No (won), sir, it 
urge ai his. i. John's lesson i> longer than thai one. 5. Then 

n Bad those which (gut) are In your father's garden. B. .Miss .Julia's 

rarriage is nol bo large u thai af Mi-- Lucy. 7. This pupil (<'/.Vr) is more 

advanced (avamei) than thai oi me thai chair, and put (vuttm) 

D, Open [ouvrea] that door and shut 

Lbia one, 10. >•■•• ma this and htep (garden) that. II. I'm this 

in year mother's r-"in. 12. 7W/ (dttes) thai t" your father. IS. Lend 

■i;. your pencil, thia ona la t"" black. 1 1. Fours is better than this 

n»,.-. ! aufl of my MUSin. 

'J7. The p ia often expressed, la French, 

by relui, <iH', ceux, <■.//,■*, followed by rfi 

Your boi Votre ehopean 

This bouse and your father** Cette maieon el «■■'/. </■ votn 

These b a j bre- Cea oheraai ion) aussi boai que ssaa 
tlnr'i, </< mon frere, 

K\u:< i -i II. 
1. Lend me ;■ ike voir cousin's. ?. Our room ti 

•> imalL •"•. Henry's letter ii much longer than yonre. t. 

thai bread 
ami that) butter, \f >/■■•• /■'■■ ry*s saUe la Bear 

that of t md take mtae> *. Why do yon 

prefer (prfftrct-vus) this one U> thai 



Je, or moi 


I. 


Tu, or toi 


thou. 


U, or lui 


he, or it (mas.) 


Elle 


she, or it (fern.) 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 25 

NEUVIEME LEgON. 

28. Personal Pronouns in the Nominative Case* are : 

Nous we. 

Vous you. 

lis, or eux they (mas.) 

Elles they (fern.) 

[N. B. — 3Ioi, toi, lui, eux, as nominatives, are only used in exceptional 
cases (see Course Second). 

29. Personal Pronouns in the Objective Case :f 

Governed by a verb, di- Governed by a preposition 
reotlyj and indirectly .g expressed.|| 

,, f me, (bef. the verb) ) moi (me). 

JMe, or to me j moij (aft _ tfae yerh) J §, mo if (to me). 

„, , ,, | te, (bef. the verb) 1 toi (thee). 

Thee, or to thee j ^ (aft _ the yerb j j . ^ ^ thee)> 

Him, or it le, (bef. or aft. the verb) lui. 

Her, or it la, (bef. or aft. the verb) elle. 

Them.... les, (bef. or aft. the verb) } e , u t X '?T'\ 

J elles ( Jem.) 

To him, or to her lui, (bef. or aft. the verb) 1 j[ ^Xft™'? 

To it, or to them (refer- 1 - ,, „~ „_ nf , ,, „„ . n 1 a lui, a elle. 
ring to things) j * ( bef " 0r afL the Verb) j a eux, a elles. 

Us, or to us nous, (bef. oraft. the verb) } l™ S J^\ t0 us ). 

You, or to you vous, (bef. or aft. the verb) j ^J/^"^ you ). 

Of, or from him ~| 

Of, or from her 

Of, or from it ! ,,» », ., . » f de lui, d'elle. 

r. c n ., > en, (bef. or alt. the verb) < ,, ',, ,, 

Of, or from them i (. deux, d elles. 

Some, or any of it, or of | 

them J 

* A noun or pronoun is in the nominative case when it is the subject of an 
affirmation or of an inquiry: as, Je parte (I speak); Parlez-vous (do you 
speak f) 

f A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it is the object, the 
sufferer, or the end of an action expressed by the verb. 

J The object of a verb is direct, when governed by the verb without the 
assistance of any preposition : as, Je le tonche (I touch him). 

\ The object of a verb is indirect, when governed by a preposition under- 
stood : as, Je lui parte (I speak to him). 

|| The object of a preposition is governed by a preposition expressed: as, 
Pom- moi (for me). 

^ The personal pronoun is governed by the preposition to expressed, only 
in exceptional cases : generally, the preposition to is understood. 

3 



26 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

30. A personal pronoun in the objective case, direct or indi- 
rect, is placed before the verb by which it is governed. 

Exception 1st. With the imperative mood, used affirmatively, 
the object is placed after the verb, as in English. 

[X. B.— If the imperative mood be used negatively, the personal pronoun 
in the objective ease ia placed before the verb.] 

[X. B. — If the object be governed by a preposition expressed, or if it be 
any other part of speech than a personal pronoun, it is placed after the verb, 
as in English.] 

EXAMPLES. 

Personal pronouns, in the objective case, governed by the 
verb or by the preposition understood. 

He torments m< 11 »" tonrmente. 

- to ,. ■ 11 me parte. 

I see him, her, them '" vois, je lea vois. 

I speak t" him or (>• her fe lui parte. 

I speak t,, them fe lew parte. 

We love her None Pai as. 

,k of ii Nona •» partona. 

v m a booh Nona /»>' donnona on livro. 

We think of ii [to it) Noua .-/ pensone. 

Ton have him, her, <-r it Vona Favei. 

We thank you Nona vou* remereions. 

torment met tft tourmente-U? 

9ft parte til ? 

!■• vota-je? or, E*1 |ueJe/< vis? 

\ I- hert fciiiparie - Ji ' or, Bat-ce que je/itt parla f 

t'airoons-noua f 

A'" pnrloni nonaf 

I A'"' doi te-noue an llvre? 

.ink of H (w it) ¥ pi 

fc'avea ^ oua ''. 

I "U.- ? 

II i" "" tonrmenta pna. 

N ■ tourtnente-U pas? 

I do DOl .-e.- him I' "•• U Vnit 

Du i no) Ne tui \ i i, Bat-oe que Je 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 27 

We do not love her Nous ne Z'nimons pas. 

Do we not give him a book? Ne lui donnons-nous pas un livre? 

Have you not got him ? Ne favez-vous pas ? 

Have you seen me? J/'avez-vous vu ? 

Yes, I have seen you Oui, je voits ai vu ? 

Did you speak to them? Lent- avez-vous parle - ? 

No, I did not speak to them Non, je ne lew ai pas parl6. 

Touch me, him, her, them Touchez moi, le, la, les. 

Scold him, punish her Grondez le, punissez la. 

Kill (hem, save us Tuez les, sauvez nous. 

Defend yourself. Defendez vous. 

to him, to us, to them Parlez lui, nous, leur. 



Do not touch me Ne me touchez pas. 

Do not punish him Ne le punissez pas. 

Do not scold her Ne la grondez pas. 

Do not kill them , Ne les tuez pas. 

Do not speak to him Ne lui parlez pas. 

Do not speak to us Ne nous parlez pas. 

Let us not speak to them Ne leur parlons pas. 

Do not speak of it or about it N'eit parlez pas. 

Personal pronouns, in the objective case, governed by 
preposition expressed. 

For me, with me, without me Pour mo?', avec moi, sans moi. 

Of or from thee, to or at thee De toi, a, toi. 

Before him, behind him Devnnt hit, derri^re lui. 

Before her, after her Avant elle, apres elle. 

Near them ()».), far from them (/.) Pies d'eux, loin d'elles. 

By the side of you, by us A cote de vous, par nous. 

At home (at the house of) Chez. 

At my house, at his house , Chez moi, chez lui. 



DIXIEME LEgON. 
Exercise 12. 

1. I have it. 2. You see (voyez) us. 3. Punish (punissez) him, but do not 
punish her. 4. Send (en voyez) him to the country. 5. 1 will give (donnerai) 
them to my mother. 6. Come (venez) with me. 7. Go (allez) with them 
(mas.) 8. Do -not stay (ne restez pas) with her. 9. Lend (pretez) them to 
my brothers. 10. Do not lend it to my little sister. 11. He comes (vient) 



28 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

towards me. 12. They will arrive (arriveront) before us. 13. lie is with 
her. 14. I see (i-ois) her. 15. Henry beatJ (bat) me. 16. You punish us 
too much. 17. Has she got (omit got) it in her pocket? 18. No, she has 
not got (omit) it. 19. Have you bought (aehetf) that for me? 20. No, I 
have bought it for her. 21. Go with her. 

Exercise 13. 

1. Show (montrez, ) (to) them that letter, and tell (ditee), (to) them that T have 

written (icrite) it, 2. Propose (propoeez) to her what (ee que) I told (ai dit) 

you. 3. Do not grant (tiecordez,) (to) them their request. 4. I will send 

you that book "hen 1 Bhall have read (lu) it. 5. They will lend 

(preterout) me some i ley. 6. When yon tee (verrez) him speak (partem) to 

him of her. 7. I will muwer (repondrai) him to-morrow. 8. She has told 
(vendu) me these ribbons. 9. Antwer (repondez) me immediately. 10. He 
has promised (promt's) me a new knife. 11. Have you bought (aeheti) that 
bonnet for me? 12. Yn, I have bought it for you. 13. Do you like (crimes) 
it, as well ai your sister's ? 1 1. No | „■■„ , I ./.» not like (aime) it so well (tant) 
I .".. Why do you like hen better than your.-? 16. J><-r,u,se (parce- 
que) hers is white. 

Km khsi: 14. 

•tor to your si-tor. 2. Give it to her, ". T'o not give it to 

t to y nr friend ? ■>. No, 1 have 

not hud tli'* time to tptak [parlor] to her. 6. Aek (demand* ..'■ (to) the ear- 

i ■ mo!ohI half an hour. 7. Lend 

US this one. 8. No, I Will keep (gardorai) thi- one lor me. ami I will gir* 

you that one. 9. /« .'/our motl of your mother is it) as 

in. X,,, but it if a- UVg« Bl yOUI lather's. 11. Speak to 

him, and 1 .-ball be much obliged (bion oblige*) to you. 



ON/I KM K LEQON. 
l: i- i. \ r i \ i: PEONOl SB. 
Bl. Who, which, m that, ;i- nominative to a verb, i- vx.- 

The man irhn (or that) speaks to you. J/bomme qui vous pnrle. 

The 1 k which ii the he livre ym" est iu la table. 



The house tcAt'cA (or lAot) is burned.. La maison oui est brul6e. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 29 

82. Whom, which, or that, in the objective case, governed 
by a verb, is expressed by que : as, 

The woman lohom (or that) you see... La femine que vous voyez. 
The book which (or that) you read.... Le livre que vous lisez. 
The house which (or that) I have La maison que j'ai louee. 
rented 

33. Whom, in the objective case, governed by a preposition, 
is expressed by qui: as, 

The people with whom you go ,. Les gens avee qui vous allez. 

The lady for whom you bought it La dame pour qui vous l'avez achete". 

The man to whom you trust L'homme a qui vous vous fiez. 

34. Which, in the objective case, governed by a preposition, 
is expressed by : 

Lequel, for the masculine singular, 
Laquelle, for the feminine singular. 
Lesquels, for the masculine plural, 
Lesquelles, for the feminine plural. 

EXAMPLES, 

The glass in which the wine is, Le verre dans lequel est le via. 

The bottle in which the beer is La bouteille dans laquelle fist la biSre. 

The glasses in which the brandy is ... Les verres dans lesquele est l'eau-de-vie. 
The bottles in which the cider is....... Les bouteilles dans lesquelles est le 

cidre. 
The chair upon which he is seated.... La chaise sur laquelle il est assis, 

35. Lequel, laquelle, etc,, governed by de or d, decline 
thus; 

Mas. sing. Fern. sing. Mas. plu. Fern. plu. English. 

Duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles .... of or from which, or whom. 

Auquel, a laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles .„ to or at which, or whom. 

36. Of whom or of which, used immediately after its ante- 
cedent, is expressed by dont; as, 

The man of whom he speaks .,„,... L'homme dont il parle. 

The servant of whom she complains.. La domestique dont elle se plaint. 
The horse of lohich I have spoken to Le cheval dont je vous ai parll. 

you...... 

The cloth with which (of which) he Le drap dont il a fait mon habit, 

has made my coat ,.„.„., 



OU RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

37. When other words intervene between the antecedent 
and the relative, of whom is expressed by de qui* and of which 
by duquel, J< la quelle, de&pteh, or desquelles: as, 

The well at the bottom of which he Le puits au fond duquel il tomba. 

fell 

The tower from the top of ichich they La tour du haut de laquelle ils nous 

perceived us npereurent. 

The men to the promises of whom Les hommes aux promesses de gu»'(or 

he trusted dcsqueh) il se fia. 

The hills on the summit of which the Les collines sur le sommet desqueliet 

French were posted les francais ftaient post6s. 

A speech of which (to which) I un- Un discours auquel je n'ai rien com- 

1 nothing prie. 

A promise t» which he trusted Une promesse <J laquelle il s'est fie\ 

The men to whom he introduced me... Les homines <i qui (or auxqucU) il 

m'a preaentS. 
Habits (to) which wo must renounce.. Des habitudes auxquellei il fuut re- 

noncer. 

88. Wh» ■■ . signifying of whom or of which, is expressed as 
in t li< above » e B6, 37 I example: 

A >"<inj; man trlo>*c principles are I'n jenne bomme dont les principea 

scarcely Formed son! il peine font 

A l"."k who* moral la not good I'n livro dont la morale n'est pas 

bonaa. 

tonne i l'lionneur de qui vous 

tru>t 

II le dus duquel il Ctait 
■ouitad ■ 

39. What, in the Bense of that which, thou which, the thing 
nr thing* which, \- express) ■! by <• qui for the nominative, and 

i. <ju- for the obj : as, 

\\'l it bai happened irai una-. laH meritabla. 

: tall y"u i« trot Ceqneje rooa dil eal rraL 

Dl ai dit? 

• In aai ■/'•' Blight lead to ambiguity, of wikaai ii 

expn- . de loqutlU, ■ 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS- 31 



Exercise 15. 

1. The person who said (a dit) that was mistaken (s'est trompSe). 2. The 
lady whom I saw (ai vue) yesterday at 3frs. B.'s (chez Mine. B.). 3. The 
young man with whom your sister was talking (parlait). 4. The table upon 
which I put it (je Vai mis). 5. The carriage in which he came (est venu) 
has returned (est retoumee) to the city. 6. All the children whom he haa 
brought up (eleves). 7. Some (quelques-uns) of the pupils (to) whom I have 
taught (enseigne) French, have learned nothing (n'ont rien appris). 

Exercise 16. 

1. Do you know (savez-vous) what he says (dit)f 2. Give me the umbrella 
which is behind the door. 3. Tell me (dites vtoi) which (laqnelle) of my sis- 
ters is the prettiest. 4. The man whose house has been burned (brulee). 5. 
The garden in which these vegetables were. 6. A man on whose honor you, 
can rely (vous pouvez vous fier). 7. The bottle in which he has put (mis) 
the wine. 8. I have not read (lu) the book of which you speak. 



DOUZIEME LEgON. 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

39. Wlio, whom (interrogative), is expressed by qui : as, 

Who said that? Qui a dit cela? 

Whom did you see? Qui avez-vous vu? 

To whom did he speak? A qui a-t-il parlS? 

40. When who refers to a noun, after the verb to be, it is 
expressed by quel, quelle, quels, or quelles : as, 

Who is that boy? Quel est ce gargon ? 

Who are these ladies? Quelles sont ces dames? 

41. Whose is expressed by & qui when it means to whom, 
and by de qui when it means of whom : as, 

Whose house is this? -A qui est cette maison? 

Whose turn is it to play? A qui est-ce a, jouer? 

Whose son are you? Le fils de qui Stes-vous ? 

42. Which, followed by a noun, or referring to a noun after 
the verb to he, is expressed by quel, quelle, etc. : as, 



32 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Which book have you read? Quel livre avez-vous lu? 

Which are the three largest cities?... Quelle* sont lea trois plus grandes 
villes ? 

43. Which, followed bj^ one, ones, or of, expressed or under- 
stood, is rendered by lequd, laquelle, lesquels, lesqueUes: as, 

Which one will you have? Lequcl voulez-vous avoir? 

Which of thorn do you like best? Lequcl airaez-vous le mieux? 

Here are two dresses, tchich (one) is Void deux robes, laquelle est la plus 
the prettiest ? jolie? 

[N. 15. — Lequel, laquelle, governed by de or a are: duquel, de laquelle, 
or /rum which); auqtttl, it laquelle, aiucquels, aux- 
quellen (to or at which).] 

44. What (inter.) is expressed ta four ways: 

qu'eet-ct qui, when what is the subject of a verb. 
lm. By que or qu'ett-ct que, when what is the object of a verb. 

quel, giraffe, etc., when followed by a noun expressed or understood. 
4th. By quoi, when preceded by a preposition,* or when used as uu 

inter) 

EXAMPLZ& 

ikes you laugh ? Qu'eat-e* qui rooa hit rire? 

What&oi Que dil ,'«Y«f-cc que vous 

dites? 

M'A'if bo< Hog? ',""' livre lises-vons? 

Of toAal are you talking t De quoi parlci 

rVAatJ isthatyoa? Que*/ set-ee vooa? 

K\ i ft [81 17. 

il' nave yon ( pens? I. With whom Am A* 

i did [a fait) that? l. Why did v „» 
*<* (rH • • thai sooner? ■<. Who .-ire these nenf 

Ightl r :ir.- yon 1 s . Whose 1 k hare 

Through par) which cities did got tout paste*)/ ]o. 

A\' it i<-li of these two boyi la tin I I. Which ol m 

Ei /,,./,/,) i/ ,/; 
Of which '.) u ft (.>///!' 

15. What '•' , - and what '■<>« 

17. In what bare I neglected (>.. '.. 
L9. What in'// yoa a* 
i 

* If ureal be betfa prea led by ;■ preposition and followed by a noun, u>e 
quel 



APPENDIX, 



VERBS. 



45. French verbs are divided into four classes, or conjuga- 
tions, which are distinguished one from another by the termina- 
tion of the infinitive mood. The infinitive mood of verbs of the 
first conjugation ends in er : as, donner (to give), aimer (to love), 
parler (to speak), ete. The infinitive mood of verbs of the 
second conjugation ends in ir : as, punir (to punish), finir (to 
finish), guirir (to cure), etc. The infinitive mood of verbs of 
the third conjugation ends in oir with all irregular verbs, and 
in evoir with regular verbs : as, recevoir (to receive), devoir (to 
owe), concevoir (to conceive), etc. The infinitive mood of verbs 
of the fourth conjugation ends in re: as, vendre (to sell), 
rendre (to render), entendre (to hear), etc. 

46. French verbs are composed of two parts : the root, or 
radical part, and the termination. 

47. The root is what remains of the verb when the termina- 
nation has been cut off. Thus, the root of donner is donn; of 
aimer is aim ; of parler is pari ; of punir is pun ; of finir is 
fin; of guerir is guer ; of recevoir is rec ; of devoir is d ; of 
concevoir is cone; of vendre is vend ; of rendre is rend; of 
entendre is entend; etc. With regular verbs the root is inva- 
riable, and is used throughout the verb, in all its moods, 
tenses, persons, and numbers. 

48. The termination is that part of the verb which is added 
to the root, and which indicates, by its variations, the mood, 
tense, person, and number of the verb : as, parl-er (to speak?), 
parl-ant (speaking) parl-e (spoken), je parl-e (I speak), je 
parl-ais (I spoke), je parl-erai (I will speak), etc. 

(33) 



34 



TERMINATION'S OF THE REGULAR TERRS. 



donn er 
donn ant 
donn e 

donn e 



49. SIMPLE TENSES. 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 

present (see 65). 

fiu ir rec evoir 

PARTICIPLE PRESENT \66). 

tiu issant rec evant 

PARTICIPLE PAST (66), 

fin i rec ic 

INWCATTYE MOOD. 

■ i ibhsb (8! i. 

rec ois 



On 



nilTi: \ I i\ i; HOOD 
fin to 

« 

BUBJUN( n\ i: MOOD. 

dfiin < 
«l ■■ *' "' 

in'olle 
que noni ten, 

que root 
<|u'il- or 'ju'i-llea rnt 

IMPIRIHT 1. 

qua tu asses 

qnll ■■'• •iu'iIIp a/ ft 

qu'ils or uu'vlle* " toaafti 

njugiition. 2d OoaJ. 



vendrt 
Tend am 
rendu 

Tend * 



tu 


« 




is ois 






il or elle 


« 




it oil 


Tend 


nous 


07JS 




feaOM 




ont 


TOUS 










Ult 


ils or elleB 


e«< 




isseru 








IMrKRFKCT TENSE (08). 






h 


donn a is 


fin ' rte avail 


Tend aia 


tu 

il or alia 






issait (,;,,/ 




a is 


nous 


ions 




feaiofu 




ions 


ii.u~ 










fl if/it 




aient 












mm 








donn ai 


fin 


it rag ut 


Tend is 


il ur die 


ll.< 

o 




U ut 




ii 

it 




lim.'.s- 




















tea 


Ua or i-lli-s 


in id 




urcni 




in nt 






run m 






JB 


donn 


fin 


rec rr/vii 


Tend 


rat 


to 










raj 


il oreUfl 






l'ru 




IV 




err-ns 








tWM 














Da or ,11m 


trout 




front apron! 




rwHf 






OOKD] 1 1"\ M, HOOD. 












IBRT II..VM. fll). 






j" 


donn areata 


fin 


froii grail 


vend 


ruin 


111 

il or rile 






trait 




rttii 

mil 


ii. ii- 






Mbm toriami 




rums 




■ 








rui<nt 


u.« or olid 











a 



4tb Couj. 



o5 



Conjugation op Regular Verbs. 



50. The simple tenses of any regular verb can be conjugated 
by adding to its root the various terminations which belong to 
its conjugation : thus, to form the future tense of the verb 
marcher (to walle), cut off the termination er, and add to the 
root march the terminations of the future tense, first conjuga- 
tion : thus, 



Singular. 

Je mar eh -era/. I shall walk. 

Tu march-eras thou shalt walk. 

II march-era he shall walk. 



Plural. 
Nous mareh-eroKs we shall walk. 
Vous march-erea.. you shall walk. 
lis march-ero««... they shall walk. 



Exercise 18. 



Conjugate the following verbs 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



Abandonn-er ,. to abandon. 

Accus-er to accuse. 

Affirm-er to affirm. 

Aim-er to love. 

Berc-er to rock. 

Chant-er to sing. 

Charun-er to charm. 

Demand-er to ask. 

Din-er to din-e. 

Ecout-er to listen. 

Epouvant-er to frighten. 

Frapp-er to strike. 

Forc-er. to force. 



Gat-er to spoil. 

Import-er to import 

Irrit-er to irritate. 

Invent-er to invent, 

Jou-er to play. 

Piqu-er to sting. 

Prepar-er to prepare. 

Propos-er to propose. 

Rest-er to remain. 

Refus-er to refuse. 

Soup-er , to sup. 

Suppos-er to suppose. 

Vant-er to praise. 



Adouc-ir ,. to soften. 

Bat-ir to build. 

Coinpat-ir to sympathize 

Consent-ir to consent. 

Demol-ir to pull down. 

Etabl-ir to establish. 

Fourn-ir to furnish. 

Gftm-ir „„...,.,„.. to groan. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Guer-ir to cure. 

Jou-ir , to enjoy. 



Jfoire-ir to blacken. 

Nour-ir to nourish. 

Per-ir to perish. 

Rempl-ir to fill or fulfil. 

Sais-ir , , to seize. 



36 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Aperc-evoir to perceive. Perc-evoir to collect taxes. 

D-eroir to owe. Ree-evoir to receive. 

Dgc-evoir to deceive. Red-evoir to owe again. 

Conc-evoir to conceive. 



TOURTU CONjrGATIOX. 

Attend-ro to wait, to expect. Etend-re to spread. 

to wait for. Fend-re to cleave. 

Confond-re to confound, to split. 

i'l-rt- to correspond. Fond-re to melt. 

D6fend-re tod Mord-re to bite. 

to prohibit. Pend-re to hang. 

rbid. Perd-re to lose, to doaiinj r. 

Depend-re to take down. Pretend-re to pretend. 

ti> depend on or Bend-re to return, to give 

■pon. back. 

Descend-re top. Repand-re to spill, to shed. 

to del R6pond-re to answer, to reply* 

to take down. Yend-re to sell. 

Entend-re t 

rstand. 



COMPOl NS Ti.\m g. 

Bl. The compound tenses of all French rerba ;m > formed Ky 

prefixing the auxiliary verb avoir (for the active) ami tlie 
auxiliary verb %tn (for the passive voice) to the perfect purti- 
oiple vi' the verb to be <l dined 

OTDII tTIVI KOOB. 

I liavf- alijii 

Tn as abandonnC thi 

II a abandonne' .i i. 

»vii. 

you bave abandoned. 

lis out abandonn^ they Lave abandoned, 



CONJUGATION OF AVOIR AND ETRE. 37 

52. AVOIR (TO HAVE). 53. ETRE (TO BE). 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 



avoir to have. 



ayant having, etant being. 

PARTICIPLE PAST. 

eu had. ete been. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

j'ai I have. je suis lam. 

tu as thou hast. tu es thou art. 

il or elle a he or she has. il est he is. 

nous avons we have. nous sommes we are. 

vous avez you have. vous etes you are. 

ils or elles ont they have. ils sont they are. 

IMPERFECT. 

j'avais I had. j'etais I was. 

tu avais thou hadst. tuetais _. thou wast. 

il or elle avait he or she had. il etait he was. 

nous avions we bad. nous etions we were. 

vous aviez you had vous etiez you were. 

ils or elles avaient... they had. ils etaient they were. 

PERFECT. 

j'eus I had. je fus I was. 

tu eus thou hadst. tu fus thou wast. 

il or elle eut he or she had. il fut he was. 

nous eumes we had. nous fumes we were. 

vous eutes you had. vous futes you were. 

ils or elles eurent they had. ils furent they were. 

FUTURE. 

j'aurai I shall or will have, je serai I shall or will be. 

tu auras thou shalt, ete. tu seras thou shalt, etc. 

il or elle aura he or she shall, etc. il sera he shall, etc. 

nous aurons we shall or will, etc. nous serons we shall, etc. 

vous aurez you shall or will, etc. vous serez you shall, etc. 

ils or elles auront they shall or will, etc. ils seront they shall, etc. 

CONDITIONAL MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

j'aurais I should orwould have je serais I should or would be. 

tu aurais thou shouldst, etc. tu serais thou shouldst, etc. 

il aurait he or she should, etc. il serait he should, etc. 

nous aurions we should, etc. nous serions we should, etc. 

vous auriez you should, etc. vous seriez you should, etc. 

ils or elles auraient.. they should, etc. ils seraieut they should, etc. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

aie have (thou). sois be (thou). 

ayons let us have. soyons let us be. 

ayez have (you). soyez be (you). 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

quej'aie that I may have. que je sois that I may be. 

que tu aies that thou mayst, etc. que tu sois that thou mayst, etc 

qu'il or qu'elle ait.... that he or she, etc. qu'il soit that he may, etc. 

que nous ayons that we may, etc. que nous soyons that we may, etc. 

que vous ayez that you may, etc. que vous soyez that you may, etc. 

qu'ils or qu' elles aient that they may, etc. qu'ils soient that they may, etc. 

IMPERFECT. 

que j'eusse that I might have, que je fusse that I might be. 

que tu eusses that thou, ete. que tu fusses that thou mightst,etc. 

qu'il or qu'elle eut... that he or she, etc. qu'il fut that he might, etc. 

que nous eussious... that we might, etc. que nous fussions.... that we might, etc. 

que vous eussiez that you might, etc. que vous fussiez that you might, etc. 

qu'ils or qu'elles 

eussent that they might, etc. qu'ils fussent that they might, etc. 



38 VERBS. 

54. The participle forms the plural by adding s, the feminine 
by adding e, and the feminine plural by adding es : as, parU, 
parUs, parlee, parUes. 

55. When not preceded by an auxiliary verb,* the past 
participle agrees, as an adjective, with the noun or pronoun to 
which it belongs. 

56. When preceded by avoir, it agrees with the direct object, 
when, and only when, that object is placed before the verb, in 
French. 

57. When preceded by etrc, it agrees with the nominative 
of the verb. 



58. Compound Tenses of Avoib and Ktre: 

AVOIR FORMS ITS OWN OOM- THE COMPOUND TENSES of 
POl M» TENSES: THUS, ETRB ARK FORMED WITH 

AVOIR: Till S, 

, COMl'ol Nl> Of TIIK INIINIT1VK. 

AV'.ir CU. <■'''. 

COJtrOtNl' OK TIIK IWltTIi Il'l i: PB3 

Ayant eu. .\\.mt6t6. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

COMPOUND OF TIIK III -1 ST. 
.I'.ii on. .!':'■ ■ 
Tu as cu. Tu ti- 
ll n cu. II i ■ 
Nona nvons eu. 

ivci eu. Vooj b 

lis ont SO. lis ont <■<<■. 

courm n oi tmk ivi-i ai 

J'avnis eu, etc. J'livni." 6(6, eto. 

J"eu« cu, etc. 

Till II II IK. 

.r : iiirai eu. J'aui 

• There are but two auxiliary verbs in French I avoir and tire (n 



VERBS. 39 

COMPOUND OF THE CONDITIONAL. 

J'aurais eu, etc J'aurais 6t(S, etc. 

(IMPERATIVE, NO COMPOUND TENSES.) 
COMPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que j'aie eu, etc. Que j'aie 6te, etc. 

COMPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERFECT. 

Que j'eusse eu, etc. Que j'eusse 6t6, etc. 

[N. B. — The compound tenses of the passive voice are formed by prefixing 
the compound tenses of etre to the past participle of the verb to be declined : 
as, J'ai it,i aime (I have been loved). 

Exercise 19. 

Give the compound tenses of all the verbs in Exercise 18, one-half in the 
active and the rest in the passive voice. 

Negative Form. 

59. A verb is conjugated negatively by placing ne (not) 
before, and pas (not) after it. With compound tenses, pas is 
placed between the auxiliary and the verb. 

EXAMPLES. 
Simple Tense. Compound Tense. 

Je u'ai pas I have not. Je n'ai p> as parle I havo -i 

Tu n'as pas thou hast not. Tu n'as pas parle thou hast I § 

II n'&pas he has not. II n'a, pas parle he has L 

Nous n'avons pas... we have not. Nous«'avonsjoasparle\ we have 

Vous n'avez pas you have not. Vous«'avez^>asparle\.. you have 

Us ?t'ont pas they have not. lis n'ont pas parl6 they have 

Exercise 20. 

Conjugate negatively: avoir, gtre, donner, finir, recevoir, and vendre, 
through all their tenses, both simple and compound. 

Interrogative Form. 

60. A verb is conjugated interrogatively by placing the per- 
sonal pronoun in the nominative case immediately after the 
verb, and joining it to the verb by a hyphen : as, ai-je (have I) ? 
With compound tenses, the pronoun is placed between the 
auxiliary and the verb : as, Ai-je parU (have I spoken) ? 



40 VERBS. 

[N. B. — When the third person singular ends with a vowel, a -t- between 
two hyphens is placed between the verb and il or elle; as, a-t-il (has he)t 
parle-t-elle (does she speak) ?] 

EXAMPLES. 
Simple Tense. Compound Tense. 

Ai-je? have I? Ai-je parlf-? have I spoken? 

As-tu? hast thou? As-tu parl6 ? hast thou spoken ? 

A-t-il? has he? A-t-il parle? has he spoken? 

Avons-nous? have we? Avons-nousparlS? have we spoken ? 

Avez-vous? have you? Avez-vous parl6 ? have you spoken ? 

Ont-ils? have they? Ont-ils parl6 ? have they spoken? 

[X. B. — The imperative and subjunctive moods are not conjugated interro- 
gative/)/.] 

61. When the first person singular of the present of the in- 
dicative ends in - mate (as is tbe case with all verbs of the first 
conjugation, and with a few irregular verbs), the final r takes 
an acute "<■<■> „t i'i before the word je: as, Parli-je (do 1 
tpeak t <"'/."'-/' (do / love)? Instead of the above, however, 
it i- more common to ash the question by prefixing the interro- 
gative phrase est-ce que (m it that)? ami j- remains before the 
verb: as, JSst-cequejt park (<fo / apeak)? Kst-r, que j'aime 
Mo 1 I i </>" is also used with tin' first person sin- 
gular, indicative present, of most verbs in which it consists of 
hut one syllable, ending in a double consonant : as, Ett-ce que 

i que je /-its i^Ju J beat)? not 

62. If the nominative be a noun, or a possessive, demonstra- 
tive, "i" indefinite pronoun, it remains 1" fore the verb, ami the 
question is asked by planing i7, elle, He, or ellet, alter the verb, 
according to the gender and number of the nominative: as, 

Yntr. pen tetnH id father hereof La vdtre est-eUe 

bonru (it your* go 

BSXXBOI8E -1. 

Conjugate interropntiv.lv : ' ' ■ ■ 

and vmdrt (see 61 I, ibr..iiL'li all the tenses of the indicative and conditional 
I oth Miiiple und compound. 



41 



Negative, and Interrogative Form. 



63. A verb is conjugated negatively and interrogatively by 
placing the negative adverbs as directed (59), and the nomi- 
native pronoun as directed (60). 

examples. 

Simple Tense. Compound Tense. 

N'ai-jepas? havelnot? N'ai-je pas parle ? have I 

N'as-tupas? hast thou not? N'as-tu pas parle ? hast thou 

N'a-t-ilpas? has he not? N'a-t-il pas parle ? has he 

N'avons-nous pas ?.. have we not? N'avons-nous pas parle? have we 

N'avez-vous pas ?... have you not? N'avez-vous pas parle' ? have you 

N'ont-ils pas? have they not? N'ont-ils pas parle?.... have they 

Exercise 22. 

Conjugate negatively and interrogatively : avoir, Stre, donner, finir, 
recevoir, and vendre, through all the tenses of the indicative and conditional 
moods, both simple and compound. 



64. Manner op translating French Moods and 

Tenses into English. 

[N. B. — The verb parler (to speak) is given as an example throughout the 
following explanations and illustrations, but the same would apply to any 
other verb.] 

65. The present of the infinitive, parler, is translated, accord- 
ing to the sense, by speak, to speak, or speaking : as, 

Pouvons-nous parler? . Can we speak? 

Je ne sais pas parler francais I do nofknow how to spealc French. 

II passa sans nous parler He passed without speaking to us. 

66. The present and perfect participles h'ave the same sense 
in French as in English : as, 

En parlant lentement vous vous ferez By speaking slowly you will make 

eomprendre yourself understood. 

Je lui axparle de vous I have spoken to him of you. 

67. The present of the indicative, Je parle, tu paries, etc., 
is translated, according to the sense, by / speak, I do speak, or 
I am speaking : as, 

4* 



42 VERBS. 

Je parle a mon ami I speak or I am speaking to my friend. 

II ne parle pas de vous He does not speak of you. 

Parlez-vous de moi ? Do you sjieak of me? 

68. The imperfect of the indicative, Je jiarlais, tu parlais, 
etc., is translated, according to the sense, by I spoke, I did 
speak, I was speaking, or I used to speak: as, 

Mr. I!, parlait bien Mr. B. spoke well. 

Mr. B. parlait-il bien? Di'rf Mr. B. speak well? 

Mr. B. parlait quand j'entrai dans la Mr. B. was speaking when I entered 

Balle the room. 

Mr. B. me parlait tri-s souvent Mr. B. used to speak to me very often. 

• '»'.». The perfect of the indicative, Je parlai, tu parlas, eto.i 
i- translated, according to the Bense, by / spoke or 1 did 
sp< ak 

i de oela I mon pin He tjwifee of that to my father. 

i ■ rout iptak of yoa, 

PorIdt«t<vo(u ;'i 111 > >ii frdre? Dt'aJyou ipeaA t.> my brother? 

70. The future of the indicative, .A parlerai, tn parleraa, 
etc, Lb translated / sAofi sjpea& or / tciTZ .*/».//.• .- 

"' domain I thall -;•••(/.• t" you to-morrow. 

Vims ne de mol Yon will not «/"nk of me. 

nous? Do you think that they vritttpeai of twf 

71. The present of the conditional, .A parlerais, tu parlerais, 
eto.i is rendered by / should speak or / would speak: as, 

II Toua / ■' ii a if he were here. 

LaijM II '•■'''•' y.. M iy ..-A- to him ? 

72. The Beoond persona of the imperative, park and parle*, 
ore rendered by apraA (Mow >, s/?ea£ (you), or do (thou or you) 
speak, and the first person plural, parhns, is rendered by fa hi 

ap "A .- as, 

/'./;•/«• In! de oela I • htm of that. 

• i him <>f my brother. 

Ne lui parte* pai de mol Do nol tpeaA to him of me. 

Parlous lour i them. 

78. Th< present of the rabjunetive, gut je parte, que tu 
paries, etc., is translated (according to the sense) in various 



VERBS. 43 

ways : 1st. by, that I may speak; 2d. by, that I should speak; 
3d. by, me to speak; 4th. by, my speaking ; 5th. by, I speak ; 
6th. by, I shall speak; 7th. by, whether 1 speak ; 8th. by, let 
me speak (in an imperative sense). Examples : 

1. Approchez que je vous parte Approach so that I may speak to you. 

2. Desirez-vous que nous portions a Do you desire that we should speak to 

votre pere? your father? 

3. Permettrez vous qu'il parte ainsi?.. Will you permit Mm to speak thus? 

4. Sans que nous lui parlions Without our speaking to him. 

5. Avantgue vous parliez de cela Before you speak of that. 

6. Croyez-vous que nous parlions de 

cela? Do you think tee shall speak of that? 

7. Qu'ils en parlent ou non Whether they speak of it or not. 

8. Qu'il parte, JQaaisyTSt al'entendre. Let him speak, I am ready to hear him. 

74. The imperfect of the" subjunctive, que je parlasse, que tu 
parlasses, etc., is translated: 1st. by, that I might speak; 2d. 
by, that I should speak; 3d. by, that I would speak; 4th. by, 
me to speak ; 5th. by, my speaking, etc. Examples : 

1, 2, 3. Je souhaitais que vous parlas- I hoped that you might, should, or would 

siez de cela speak of that. 

3. J'esperais a peine qu'il pwldt I scarcely hoped he toould speak. 

1, 4. II voulait que jc parlasse He wished me to speak. 

5. J'approuvais qu'il parldt ainsi I approved his speaking thus. 

75. N. B. The word que which precedes the subjunctive in 
French is rendered into English by that, may, let, whether, or 
is not expressive at all according to the sense. The pronouns 
je, tu, il, etc., are rendered either by the nominative, /, thou, 
he, etc., or by the objective, me, thee, him, etc., or by the pos- 
sessive, my, thy, his, etc. (See examples 73, 74.) 

76. With the compound tenses, the auxiliary avoir or etre 
is translated, (according to the sense and nature of the English 
verb,) as directed above for the several moods and tenses, and 
the perfect participle as directed (66). 

[N. B. The compound of the indicative present is frequently rendered hy 
a simple tense : as, II a parte de cela d ma mire (he spoke of that to my 
mother). ] 



44 



Hints on the Translation of English Verbs into 
French. 

77. Avoir and etre always require the following verb in the 
perfect participle. 

7 X . One verb governed by another is put in the infinitive 
mood. 

79. A verb governed by any preposition except en is put in 
the infinitive mood. 

80. When do, did, shall, vill, should, would, let, may, 
might, are used in English to form various tenses of verbs, or 

•; in expressing negations or interrogations, they are 
never expressed in French. The meaning attached to these 
part'n-1. - 1 in French by the termination of the verb 

itself. (See 66-74.) 



BL When rib, did, mesa fco make, to perform 

When will, iff.ii/./, mean to will, t.> desire, t" be willing 

When ihotdd meant ooghl 

I (, i/i. ii/, might, iin'an to be able to have 

power 

AVhen l-t meane to leave, to nlh.w 



Hi 

Bit 






{ faire. 

voul.iir 
devoir. 



p. m voir. 
kisser. 



v _'. Su.h expreesioni 

l rendered bj Je pnr! 

red by Je parla 

l I by je parieral (70). 

peak, I wonld apeak nditl - red by Je parlei 

purlons (72). 

[For ■abjaaeti fS-76.] 

Important. 

\n article, adfective, or adjective pronoun, must arrree 
in number and gender with the noun t<> which it belc 

84. A personal, possessive, or demonstrative pronoun, must 
in gender and nvmber with the ooun for which it stands. 



ADVERBS. 45 

85. A verb must agree in person and number with its nomi- 
native. 

86. The adjective is placed after the noun (18-20). 

87. The adverb is placed after the verb. 

88. Whenever an article, adjective, preposition, or relative 
prononn is understood in English, it should be expressed in 
French (12). 

89. A sentence is made negative by placing ne before the 
verb, and pas, point, or some other negative adverb after the 
verb or auxiliary (59). 

90. A question is asked by placing the personal pronoun in 
the nominative case immediately after the verb, and no other 
word is disturbed (60). 

THE ADVERB. 

91. A great many adverbs are formed from adjectives by 
adding ment when the adjective (mas.') ends in e mute : as, 
sage, sagement, (wise, wisely), and by adding ment to the femi- 
nine of the adjective, if the masculine ends with a consonant: 
as, grand, grandement, (large, largely). 

92. List of the most useful adverbs that are not derived from 
adjectives ; 

Ailleurs....... elsewhere. *fAssez enough. 

A l'instant immediately. A temps in time. 

Alors then. Aujourd'hui to-day. 

■j- A peine hardly. Aussi also. 

Apres after. Aussit&t as soon. 

A present now. ®Autant as much. 

A peu prds about, nearly. Autrefois formerly. 

* [N. B. — Those adverbs marked (*) generally require de before the 
following noun.] 

f [N. B. — If the tense be a compound one, those words marked ( f ) are 
generally placed between the auxiliary and the verb.] 



4G 



ADVERBS. 



Avant before. 

Ainsi thus. 

*tBeaucoup much. 

tBien well. 

fBientot very soon. 

fCepcndant however. 

®Combien how much. 

Comme like, as. 

Comment bow. 

D'abord at first. 

De bonne heure... early. 

fDejfl already. 

Demain to-morrow. 

Dcpuis since. 

En bas down stairs. 

t Encore again* 

fBnfln at but 

•Bn bant up-stairs. 

Ensemble together. 

Kn-uitc afterwards. 

"I F-rt very, much. 

DOt much. 

II r 3 l -terday. 

lei hero. 

fjama 

there. 

at now. 

fMal I • 

Meme > ren. 

Letter. 

ETe i)"t. 

Nulle part nowhere. 



Non 

Ou 

Oui 

Partout 

*fPas, or *fpoint 

*Pas encore 

*Peu 

Peu h peu 

Fis 

*Plus 

Pluu.t 

Pourquoi 

fPresque 

Quand 

Quelquefoi? 

Qaelqnepart 

fSana 01 

+ >i 

fSouvent 

Sur-le-ohamp 

*Tant 

Tard 

Wi 

fTonjours 

Tout 

up 

Tool de 



•Troi 

•Trop pea 

•Trop tAl 

•Un pen 



no. 

where. 

yes. 

everywhere. 

no. 

not yet. 

but little. 

little by little. 

worse. 

more. 

sooner. 

why. 

almost. 

when. 

sometimes. 

somewhere. 

incessantly. 

so. 

often. 

immediately. 

so much. 

late. 

soon. 

always. 

all, entirely. 

suddenly. 

immediately. 

very. 

too much. 

too little. 

too soon. 

a little. 

willingly. 



The adverb i< placed after tin' verb. 

[N. B. — The following: «>, comment, <>», pourquoi, eombien, and quand, 
are planed before the veri>.] 



• Sec note to i 



f Ibid. 



PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ETC. 



47 



PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ETC. 



LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL PREPOSITIONS. 



A to, at. 

A cote de by the side of. 

Aupres de near, 

Apres after. 

Avant. before. 

Avec with. 

Chez ,..„ at one's house. 

Contre against. 

Dans „ in. 

De of. 

Depuis from. 

Derriere behind. 

Des as soon as. 

Devant before. 

En in, by. 

JJntre between. 

Envers towards. 

Hors out. 

Loin de...... far from. 



Malgre in spite of. 

Moyennant by means of. 

Nonobstant notwithstanding. 

Outre beside. 

Par by. 

Parmi among. 

Pendant during. 

Pour for. 

Pres de near. 

Sans without. 

Sauf save. 

Selon according to. 

Sous under. 

Suivant following to. 

Sur on. 

Touchant concerning. 

Vers towards. 

Vis-a-vis opposite. 



[N. B. — Any preposition except en requires the next verb in the infinitive 
mood. En governs the present participle.] 



95. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL CONJUNCTIONS. 



thus, so, 
for, 



Ainsi 

Car 

Cependant. 

Comme as. 

Done therefore. 

Enfin finally. 

Et and. 

Etpuis, besides. 



Mais but. 

N6anmoins nevertheless. 

Ni neither. 

Pourtant however. 

Quand when. 

Quoique though. 

Si if. 

Sinon or else. 



48 INTERJECTIONS. 



V)6. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL INTERJECTIONS. 

To denote surprise ha! 

" pain ah! aie! hllas ! 

" admiration oh! ah! 

" aversion fi! fidonc! 

To impose silence chut ! paix ! 

To call hola! 

T'> warn gare ! hola! ho! 

To applaud bravo! vivat! 

To interrogate b.6! bien ! 






